In this article:
Stocks
A stock represents ownership in a company that you are able to buy on the stock market. The more stock you own, the higher the percentage of the company you own.
The stock’s return depends first on the capital gain or loss realized when it is sold. If you sell a stock for more than its purchase price, you generate a capital gain. If you sell it for less, you incur a loss. A stock’s price is driven by supply and demand. Demand is influenced by several factors, including the company’s performance as well as broader economic and geopolitical conditions.
Stocks can also generate returns through dividends. Dividends are payments distributed to shareholders, usually on a per-share basis, over a given period. They can be seen as a form of income or benefit for holding the stock.
Medium to very high (depending on the stock)
Investors who have a solid understanding of the stock market, have knowledge of the companies they’re investing in, are patient, decisive, and willing to accept some risk.
Bonds
A bond is a security created by a government or corporation that typically pays investors interest in exchange for their investment. When you own a government or corporate bond, you become a creditor.
Bonds pay returns in the form of interest called coupons. These are paid at a specific frequency depending on the type of bond (fixed, variable, index-linked, or zero-coupon).
When a bond matures, you’ll receive your original investment as well as any interest paid. If you sell before the bond matures, its price may vary depending on market conditions such as the policy interest rate. You can see a gain or loss in capital depending on those conditions.
Very low (bonds issued by stable countries like Canada) to medium or high (bonds issued by certain corporations).
Investors who are looking for a good starting point in their self-directed investing journey. They offer a flexible option with a relatively low risk that can still provide a stable return.
Mutual funds and ETFs (investment funds)
Mutual funds are made up of a pool of money collected from many investors. These funds are then invested in a variety of securities such as stocks and bonds. Money managers choose the fund’s securities based on the fund’s objective. They don’t have a maturity date and can be bought or sold at any time. They’re a lot like a bouquet of mixed flowers.
Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are similar to mutual funds, but their shares are traded on the stock exchange. They usually track the performance of a particular index, sector, or commodity, such as the TSX or the price of gold.
Returns depend on the performance of the various securities held in the fund or ETF, as well as the fund’s strategy and risk tolerance. Like for stocks, the return is based on the gain or loss of equity when you sell your shares.
Low to high (depending on the fund)
Investors who are looking to start investing their savings without the stress of managing the investments themselves. They’re simple investment vehicles that offer a diverse range of securities. For example, if you’re looking to invest in Canadian companies, you could choose a Canadian equity fund.
Good to know: Management fees for ETFs are usually lower than they are for mutual funds.
Discover all our managed solutions and investment funds.
Foreign currencies
You can also invest your money in currencies other than Canadian dollars. The return will depend on fluctuations in the currency’s value. When you sell the currency, you will have a capital gain or loss.
The return depends on the value of the foreign currency you’re trading in. If the exchange rates fluctuate, your return will as well.
High
Investors who are comfortable with frequent fluctuations. It’s a higher-risk investment that requires a certain level of know-how.
Cryptocurrencies
Cryptocurrencies (like bitcoin) are digital currencies that you can buy and sell to generate a capital gain (or loss). Be aware, however, that in Canada, the platforms and digital tools used to exchange cryptocurrency are not generally supported by major financial institutions.
High
Motivated investors who have the time to learn about and monitor the cryptocurrency market. Since their value can change very quickly, you’ll want to keep a close eye on them.
Cryptocurrency regulations: Cryptocurrencies are subject to fairly strict regulations, specifically in regard to taxation. A way to invest in crypto while reducing some of the risk is to choose an ETF that includes a diverse range of crypto options. If you decide to invest in crypto, consult the Canadian government’s Guide for cryptocurrency users and tax professionals.
Guaranteed Investment Certificates
Guaranteed Investment Certificates (GICs) are fixed-term investments. They guarantee that you’ll receive your original investment, as well as any interest gained during that pre-determined period. Even if the issuing institution goes bankrupt, your investment is protected by the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation, subject to certain conditions.
GICs can offer a range of returns. Redeemable and non-redeemable GICs offer a fixed rate and predictable returns. Market-linked GICs offer potential for higher returns based on the performance of specific indices or markets.
Very low
Investors who are looking for a short-term option that prioritizes stability over higher (less predictable) returns.
Treasury bills
Treasury bills are similar to bonds. Essentially, it’s like lending money with the promise of being repaid with interest. They’re debt securities issued by provincial or federal governments and are short-term debt securities that mature within a year.
Treasury bills are guaranteed by the government that issues them. They can be sold before they mature and are sold in denominations of $1,000 up to $1 million.
Very low
Investors who are willing to trade higher returns for a very secure investment.
What fees are associated with investing?
These are fees charged to manage your investments. They're the most common type of fee and often already reflected in your earnings reports.
These are the fees that apply when you buy or sell a security. They can add up quickly if you’re trading frequently. Some institutions offer no commission trading, so choosing the right trading platform is one way to keep your money in your pocket.
Investing in a foreign currency can involve additional costs. They may apply each time you buy, sell, or receive a dividend from a foreign currency security. These fees are often built into the exchange rate and may apply with each transaction. For example, if you have a Canadian investment account and want to buy a stock using USD, there will be fees associated with the currency exchange.
These costs refer to taxes payable on the income your investments generate. They can vary depending on the type of investment and account you use. Understanding them will help you get a clearer picture of your actual returns.
Knowing more about these investment products can help you make more informed financial decisions.
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advisor or your wealth advisor at National Bank
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